| There is a significant interest nowadays to the default and credit risk models, which explains the wide variety of macroeconomics books devoted to the mentioned themes. Several kinds of credit risk models are examined in the contemporary literature. Most authors pay special attention to the analytical processes of default risk at the level of an individual firm. There have been allocated 4 groups of default risk models to analyze portfolio risk. The so-called structural group of models is founded on the assumption that the default of individual firm is explained by the fact that its assets' value is lower than the value of its liabilities. The second group comprises the econometric factor risk models and their supposition is that the credit risk of similar sub-groups is defined by macroeconomics index and other econometric factors. The above mentioned 2 groups of risk models get a bottom-up approach that is declared in computing default rates. The following group includes the actuarial models that do not refer to causality. And eventually, the fourth group of risk models is dedicated to the methods of non-parametric factors.
Though the principles of the above mentioned 4 types of portfolio credit risk models seem to be totally different, they are still founded on 3 common components that are used in order to calculate portfolio loss distributions. These are the process of generating conditional credit rates for the borrowers, the set-up permitting to calculate conditional bankruptcy rate distributions and the aggregation of homogeneous subportfolios' conditional distributions. The specialists also underline that all the credit risk models have similar mathematical structure.
In addition to the application of the credit risk models for analyzing portfolio risk, the default risk models are also applied for calculation of capital requests for banks. For instance, the macroeconomic works of Extrella are devoted to the development of the model of optimal bank capital. Furthermore, several researches are connected with the relevance of macroeconomics conditions to the credit risk assessment. You can get a detailed survey on the incorporation of systematic influences into risk evaluation in the research accomplished by Saunders and Allen.
A considerable influence on the modern society has a paper that is devoted to developing a survival time model for bankruptcy of business-loan borrowers. The particular feature of the mentioned model is that it includes firm-specific, as well as macroeconomic variables. This way, the duration model can be used with success not just for business bankruptcy analysis, but as a portfolio credit risk model as well. |